Essential Readings In World Politics 4th Edition Notes From The Universe
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History of feminism - Wikipedia. The history of feminism is the chronological narrative of the movements and ideologies aimed at equalrights for women. While feminists around the world have differed in causes, goals, and intentions depending on time, culture, and country, most Western feminist historians assert that all movements that work to obtain women's rights should be considered feminist movements, even when they did not (or do not) apply the term to themselves. Second- wave feminism (1. Third- wave feminism (1. The Book of the City of Ladies and Ep.
Many Enlightenment philosophers defended the rights of women, including Jeremy Bentham (1. Marquis de Condorcet (1. Mary Wollstonecraft (1. Bentham spoke for complete equality between sexes including the rights to vote and to participate in government. He opposed the asymmetrical sexual moral standards between men and women. He was also a fierce defender of human rights, including the equality of women and the abolition of slavery, unusual for the 1. He advocated for women's suffrage in the new government in 1.
De l'admission des femmes au droit de cit. This was another plea for the French Revolutionary government to recognize the natural and political rights of women. Even though,the Declaration did not immediately accomplish its goals, it did set a precedent for a manner in which feminists could satirize their governments for their failures in equality, seen in documents such as A Vindication of the Rights of Woman and A Declaration of Sentiments. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1.
Wollstonecraft identified the education and upbringing of women as creating their limited expectations based on a self- image dictated by the typically male perspective. She took women's considerable power over men for granted, and determined that both would require education to ensure the necessary changes in social attitudes. Given her humble origins and scant education, her personal achievements speak to her own determination. Wollstonecraft attracted the mockery of Samuel Johnson, who described her and her ilk as . Based on his relationship with Hester Thrale. For many commentators, Wollstonecraft represents the first codification of equality feminism, or a refusal of the feminine role in society.
In this ideology, men were to occupy the public sphere (the space of wage labor and politics) and women the private sphere (the space of home and children). The novels of George Meredith, George Gissing. Meredith's Diana of the Crossways (1.
Caroline Norton's life. Collective concerns began to coalesce by the end of the century, paralleling the emergence of a stiffer social model and code of conduct that Marion Reid described as confining and repressive for women. She discovered a lack of legal rights for women upon entering an abusive marriage. Harriet Martineau and others dismissed Wollstonecraft's. Her Society in America. She advocated for suffrage and attracted the attention of Benjamin Disraeli, the Conservative leader, as a dangerous radical on a par with Jeremy Bentham.
Cobbe would refer to . They focused on education, employment, and marital law. One of their causes became the Married Women's Property Committee of 1. Smith had also attended the 1.
Seneca Falls Convention in America. In the same year as Norton, Smith summarized the legal framework for injustice in her 1. A Brief Summary of the Laws of England concerning Women. The response to this journal led to their creation of the Society for Promoting the Employment of Women (SPEW). Smith's Married Women's Property committee collected 2. In 1. 85. 3, she married John Stuart Mill, and provided him with much of the subject material for The Subjection of Women. Emily Davies also encountered the Langham group, and with Elizabeth Garrett created SPEW branches outside London.
Educational reform. Martineau, however, remained a moderate, for practical reasons, and unlike Cobbe, did not support the emerging call for the vote. Queen's College (1. Bedford College (1. London began to offer some education to women from 1. By 1. 86. 2, Davies established a committee to persuade the universities to allow women to sit for the recently established Local Examinations. She published The Higher Education of Women a year later.
Davies and Leigh Smith founded the first higher educational institution for women and enrolled five students. The school later became Girton College, Cambridge in 1.
Newnham College, Cambridge in 1. Lady Margaret Hall at Oxford in 1. Bedford began to award degrees the previous year. Despite these measurable advances, few could take advantage of them and life for female students was still difficult. She eventually took her degree in France.
Garrett's very successful 1. London School Board office is another example of a how a small band of very determined women were beginning to reach positions of influence at the local government level. Their successes include the campaign for the Married Women's Property Act (passed in 1.
Contagious Diseases Acts of 1. John Stuart Mill. Prominent critics included Blackwell, Nightingale, Martineau, and Elizabeth Wolstenholme.
Elizabeth Garrett, unlike her sister, Millicent, did not support the campaign, though she later admitted that the campaign had done well. The association successfully argued that the Acts not only demeaned prostitutes, but all women and men by promoting a blatant sexual double standard.
Butler's activities resulted in the radicalization of many moderate women. The Acts were repealed in 1. Her work of publicizing the difficult conditions of the workers through interviews in bi- weekly periodicals like The Link became a method for raising public concern over social issues. First- wave feminism in the United States is considered to have ended with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (1. United States. Activism for the equality of women was not limited to the United States.
In mid- nineteenth century Persia, T. She inspired later generations of Iranian feminists. Mary Lee was active in the suffrage movement in South Australia, the first Australian colony to grant women the vote in 1. In New Zealand, Kate Sheppard and Mary Ann M. Attempts to exclude women only strengthened their convictions.
The most influential feminist writer of the time was the colourful journalist Margaret Fuller, whose Woman in the Nineteenth Century was published in 1. Her dispatches from Europe for the New York Tribune helped create to synchronize the women's rights movement. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott met in 1. London where they were shunned as women by the male leadership of the first World's Anti- Slavery Convention.
In 1. 84. 8, Mott and Stanton held a woman's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York, where a declaration of independence for women was drafted. Lucy Stone helped to organize the first National Women's Rights Convention in 1. Sojourner Truth, Abby Kelley Foster, and others spoke sparked Susan B. Anthony to take up the cause of women's rights. In December 1. 85. Sojourner Truth contributed to the feminist movement when she spoke at the Women’s Convention in Akron, Ohio.
She delivered her powerful “Ain’t I a Woman” speech in an effort to promote women’s rights by demonstrating their ability to accomplish tasks that have been traditionally associated with men. Both Gage and Stanton produced works on this topic, and collaborated on The Woman's Bible. Stanton wrote . Both equality and difference were seen as routes to women's empowerment. Leaders and theoreticians included Jane Addams, Ida B. Wells- Barnett, Alice Paul, Carrie Chapman Catt, Margaret Sanger, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman. The women's suffrage campaign is the most deeply embedded campaign of the past 2. The French Revolution accelerated this.
In 1. 79. 3, the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women was founded, and originally included suffrage on its agenda before it was suppressed at the end of the year. As a gesture, this showed that issue was now part of the European political agenda.